Approaches to Discourse
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Speech Act Theory (Austin 1955, Searle 1969)
This approach is based on belief that language is used to
perform actions. Every utterance can be analyzed as the realization of the speaker’s
intent (illocutionary force) to achieve a particular purpose. It concerned
with the analysis of continuous discourse.
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Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz
1982, Goffman 1959-1981)
It concerned with the
importance of context in the production and interpretation of discourse.
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Ethnography of Communication (Dell
Hymes (1972b, 1974)
This approach is concerned with understanding the social context
of linguistic interactions: ‘who says what to whom, when, where. Why, and how’. The ethnographic framework has led to broader notions of communicative
competence.
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Pragmatics (Grice 1975, Leech 1983, Levinson 1983)
This approach is at the base of pragmatic approach is to conversation
analysis is Gricean’s co-operative
principle (CP). This principle seeks
to account for not only how participants decide what to DO next in
conversation, but also how interlocutors go about interpreting what the
previous speaker has just done.
Provides useful means of
characterizing different varieties of conversation, e.g. in interactions, one
can deliberately try to be provocative or consensual.
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Conversation Analysis (Harold
Garfinkel 1960s-1970s)
CA identified TCU as the
critical units of conversation; it has not specified exactly how a TCU boundary
can be recognized in any situation.
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Variation Analysis (Labov
1972a, Labov and Waletzky1967)
Variationists’ approach to
discourse stems from quantitative of linguistic change and variation.
Although typically
focused on social and linguistic constraints on semantically equivalent
variants, the approach has also been extended to texts. Variationists’ approach to discourse stems from quantitative of
linguistic change and variation.
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Structural-Functional
Approaches to Conversation
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