Definition
Hymes (1974) defines only
code-switching as “a common term for alternative use of two or more languages,
varieties of a language or even speech styles”
In an educational
context, code-switching is defined as the practice of switching between a
primary and a secondary language or discourse.
Types
of Code Switching
♫ Mechanical
Switching
It occurs
unconsiously, and fills in unknown or unavailable terms in one language. This
type of code-switching is also known as code-mixing. Code-mixing occurs when a
speaker is momentarily unable to remember a term, but is able to recall it in a
different language.
♫ Code-changing
This type is
characterized by fluent intrasentential shifts, transferring focus from one
language to another. It is motivated by situational and stylistic factors, and
the conscious nature of the switch between two languages is emphasized.
♫ Tag-switching
This type
involves the insertion of a tag in one language into an utterance that is
otherwise entirely in the other language.
Function
of Code Switching
Zentella (1985), stated
in Code Switching by Richard
Nordquist, said that Code-switching performs several functions:
Ø People may use
code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but
this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches).
Ø Code-switching
is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to
formal situations (using second language).
Ø Code-switching
is used to exert control, especially between parents and children.
Ø Code-switching
is used to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining
oneself as a member of an ethnic group).
According to Gumperz
(1982), stated in Issues in Code-Switching: Competing Theories and Models by
Erman Boztepe, there are six functions of Code Switching:
·
Quotation
Quotations are
occurrences of switching where someone else’s utterance is reported either as
direct quotations or as reported speech.
·
Addressee specification
In here, the
switch serves to direct the message to one particular person among several
addressees present in the immediate environment.
·
Interjection
Simply serve to
mark sentence fillers as in the insertion of the English filler you
know in an otherwise completely Spanish utterance.
·
Reiteration
It occurs when
one repeats a message in the other code to clarify what is said or even to
increase the elocutionary effect of the utterance.
·
Message qualification
Gumperz (1982)
defines message qualification as an elaboration of the preceding utterance in
the other code in Mann & Thompson’s (1986) sense.
·
Personalization versus Objectification
Personalization
versus objectification signals the degree of speaker involvement in a message
as in the case of, for example, giving one’s statement more authority in a
dispute through Code Switching.
Sources:
The Sociolinguistic
Dimension of Code Switching, http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/124915/the-sociolinguistic-dimension-of-code-switching accessed
on May 9, 2012, at 9 am
The Study Of Code
Switching,retrieved fromhttp://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/002401/bookpart.pdf accessed
on May 9, 2012, at 9.45 am
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